Blind Mice, African Clawed Frogs, and the Missing Link Between Circadian Rhythms and Psychiatry
Saali A, Ross DA, Cooper JJ, Novick AM. Biol Psychiatry
Saali A, Ross DA, Cooper JJ, Novick AM. Blind Mice, African Clawed Frogs, and the Missing Link Between Circadian Rhythms and Psychiatry. Biol Psychiatry. 2025 Jul 15;98(2):102-104.
In 1923, Harvard University threatened to expel Clyde Keeler. Keeler was a graduate student studying ocular anatomy and was breeding mice for experiments in the attic room that he rented. But the mice weren’t the problem. The problem was the science. His supervisor told Keeler that the retinal samples he submitted were “the worst histological job I have ever seen. You have lost half of the retina.
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Joseph J. Cooper MD, FANPA
Modified on September 10, 2025